The environmental impacts of the cruise industry on Caribbean island Research Paper

The environmental impacts of the cruise industry on Caribbean island nations - Research Paper Example In the Caribbean region tourism has contributed to the growth of the overall economy which had been suffering due to stagnation in tradition economic sectors. Moreover, the Caribbean island nations have been bestowed with natural beauty, decorated with exotic flora and fauna, surrounded by blue seawater and natural breezes. However, the environmental degradation caused by the cruise industry in the Caribbean region far outweighs the economic benefits. Cruising started as preferred mode of travel by the social elite in the 1920s and the latter part of the 20th century has seen tremendous growth in the industry following a decline post World War II (Johnson 2002). Worldwide cruise tourism has catered to 8.5 million customers between 1980 and 1997. The passenger figures are expected to reach 14.2 million by 2010 (Butt 2007). Today the super-mega cruise ships use cutting edge of design and technical innovation, and they offer multifaceted recreational experience on board. In 1998, the Caribbean received 50% of the world’s cruise tourism customers (Johnson 2002). In fact, the Caribbean destinations receive more cruises than stopover tourists. However, while the economy of the island nations has grown, the cruise tourism sector has expanded with sophisticated liners and offering on-board recreation, cruise tourism in the Caribbean has been exerting pressures on the fragile environments and the host communities. This is because t he cruise ships consume significant amount of resources as a result of which great pressure is exerted on the places they visit (Butt 2007). The Caribbean islands have 44% share of the world cruise market. The environmental impact has exerted pressure on the small towns, islands and island groups in the Caribbean. However, the environmental impacts also depend upon the facilities available at the destinations to manage the degradation. Tourism is the major economic activity in the Caribbean

How to Give a Lecture Essay -- essays papers

How to Give a Lecture Lecturing is not simply a matter of standing in front of a class and reciting what you know The classroom lecture is a special form of communication in which voice, gesture, movement, facial expression, and eye contact can either complement or detract from the content. No matter what your topic, your delivery and manner of speaking immeasurably influence your students' attentiveness and learning. Use the following suggestions, based on teaching practices of faculty and on research studies in speech communication, to help you capture and hold students' interest and increase their retention. General Strategies Watch yourself on videotape. Often we must actually see our good behaviors in order to exploit them and see our undesirable behaviors in order to correct them. If you want to improve your public speaking skills, viewing a videotape of yourself can be an invaluable way to do so. See "Watching Yourself on Videotape." Learn how not to read your lectures. At its best, lecturing resembles a natural, spontaneous conversation between instructor and student, with each student feeling as though the instructor is speaking to an audience of one. If you read your lectures, however, there will be no dialogue and the lecture will seem formal, stilted, and distant. Even if you are a dynamic reader, when you stick to a script you forfeit the expressiveness, animation, and give-and-take spontaneity of plain talking. Reading from notes also reduces your opportunities to engage your class in conversation and prevents you from maintaining eye contact. On this point all skilled speakers agree: don't read your presentation. See "Preparing to Teach the Large Lecture Course" for advice on preparing lecture notes. Prepare yourself emotionally for class. Some faculty play rousing music before lecturing. Others set aside fifteen or thirty minutes of solitude to review their notes. Still others walk through an empty classroom gathering their thoughts. Try to identify for yourself an activity that gives you the energy and focus you need to speak enthusiastically and confidently. (Source: Lowman, 1984) Opening a Lecture Avoid a "cold start." Go to class a little early and talk informally with students. Or walk in the door with students and engage them in conversation. Using your voice informally before you begin to lecture helps ke... ...he level of relaxation and fluency in the voice, patterns of breathing, pitch and pace, emphasis and articulation. †¢ The next day replay the recording of the lecture and make a set of notes on it. †¢ Review your notes to identify the differences between the two recorded segments. Consider style, use of language, pacing, volume, fluency, expressiveness, and soon. Any differences you note will help you decide how to improve Use a video recorder. When reviewing a videotape of yourself lecturing, you can watch the entire tape, watch the tape with the sound turned off, or listen to the tape without watching it. Adopt the procedures outlined above for reviewing and analyzing your videotape. Most of the time you will be pleasantly surprised: you may have felt nervous during the lecture, but the videotape will show you that your nervousness was not apparent to your class. Seeing yourself on tape can be a good confidence builder. See "Watching Yourself on Videotape." Work with a speech consultant. Speech consultants can help you develop effective delivery skills. Ask your campus faculty development office for names of consultants or a schedule of workshops on lecturing.

John Stuart Mill’s Viewpoint on Interrogation and Torture Essay

In the world today there have been many controversial topics including topics such as euthanasia, the death penalty and gay marriage. One that has always stood out in particular is the controversy over torture and interrogation techniques for terrorists in US custody . Ethically you can argue for or against these torture and interrogation techniques but what would John Stuart Mill’s viewpoint be on this highly debated topic? Before we go into John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism Ethics it is imperative that we talk about his background and when/where he lived to more accurately describe his mindset. John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher who was born in Pentonville, London, England in 1806 and died in France in 1973. John Stuart Mill was the eldest son of a Scottish philosopher James Mill and had a very rigorous upbringing shielded from peers from his own age studying the ins and outs of philosophy. His father’s goal as a follower of Jeremy Bentham was to create a genius intellect to carry on Utilitarianism after he and Bentham died. The intensive study his father put him through caused severe mental health issues on John Stuart Mill causing him to have a mental breakdown at age 20 which he claimed to be caused by the great physical and mental demands that suppressed any feelings he should have developed in his early childhood. John Stuart Mill as a Utilitarian philosopher, which is a form of teleological (goal based ethics) / consequentialism (moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome), believed that ethical/moral decisions or actions should be made on the basis of the greatest good for the greatest number. That meaning maximizing pleasure, satisfaction and well being while minimizing negative affluences commonly referred to as ultimate importance. Utilitarianism can also be compared with deontological ethics, which do not take in the consequences of the account being a determination. John Stuart Mill’s rule Utilitarianism is much more relative then â€Å"text book† Utilitarianism in which he encouraged people to do acts that are pleasurable to them as long as they do so to the â€Å"higher pleasure†. Although his definition of higher pleasure can be questioned as an absolutist since he is absolute in what he defines as â€Å"higher pleasure.† Now begs the question; what would his opinion be on enhanced interrogation techniques or torture on terrorists in US custody be? After the 9/11 attacks  and the United States war on Iraq in the media non-stop over the last decade we here much of terrorists in US custody in places such as Guantanamo Bay being interrogated and tortured for information. It can be concluded from an Utilitarian standpoint that these individuals are less than one percent of the US & World population and if anything can be done to these individuals to benefit or protect the rest it would be justifiable by any means. Thus, it is obvious that John Stuart Mill would whole-heartedly agree with these actions and more than likely encourage it. I agree with Utilitarianism and John Stuart Mill on the viewpoint of interrogating or torturing actual terrorists to protect United States soil but unfortunately the term â€Å"terrorist† for the United States is loosely defined and anyone disagreeing with United States policies can be defined one way or the other as a terrorist. I disagree with Utilitarianism as a whole because there is an obvious flaw with an individual’s interest vs a greater sum of lesser interests meaning that the legal system would punish behavior that harmed others but that would not punish in a situation where one can personally ga in and no one would be harmed. Also one person could propose something would would maximize self-interest that conflict with means supported by another. Thus, self interest causes them to compromise with another to avoid interference; the means advised may accidently correspond with those by utilitarianism but the fundamental ethical imperative would not be utilitarian. Utilitarianism itself is somewhat a paradox when it comes to actual real life use but sounds wonderful in theory if the world was really black and what / end all be all but of course as we know it is not. John Stuart Mill would of course agree with enhanced interrogation techniques or torture but his utilitarianism justification would never be accepted by the United States masses.

Great Gatsby the Immoral 20s - 786 Words

The Immoral Twenties The 1920s gained its nickname, The Roaring Twenties from its wild and carefree lifestyle. The extensive wealth of the time filled most nights with parties, dancing, crazy antics, and illegal alcohol. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, encompassed all of the aspects listed above. Not only did the book express the exciting side of the Twenties, it also expressed lack of morality of the time. According to The Great Gatsby, this lack of morality stemmed from the focus on material items, drinking, and dreaming. Everyone enjoys material things, whether they want a brand new car or even a phone; these items do not provide any necessity for survival, yet they make people’s lives much easier, and even more†¦show more content†¦As soon as she met up with Tom â€Å"she bought a copy of Town Tattle and a moving picture magazine, and in the stations drug-store some cold cream and a small flask of perfume† (Fitzgerald 26), in a desperate attempt of living her dream. Her dream stemmed from immoral ways; Tom had lots of money, and was willing to spend it on Myrtle, yet only for his own adulterous motives. Dreams stem the worst kind of immoralities because the best intentions can lead to the worst outcomes, so many dreamers do not realize their mistakes. The Roaring Twenties, according to Fitzgerald lacked morals stemming from high aspirations, materialism and liquor. While morality may seem easily discernable many people still act immorally. These bases of impurities still exist today, and stem the same results. For the betterment of the public, one should be careful in what they do; many other examples provide bases for immorality. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 1925.Show MoreRelatedIrony In The Great Gatsby Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagesnovels such as, â€Å"The Great Gatsby,† tackle the subject of â€Å"faking†, which means when a character is pretending to be something or someone that he or she is not. Although, it takes a while or someone from a higher social class.† Quoted from an online source. This progression is important, because it helps make an idea that relates to Gatsby being an illusion as someone who’s generous and mysterious man, but in reality, a weak and miserable character. In the novel, â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, by Scott FitzgeraldRead MoreMotif of Eyes in the Great Gatsby848 Words   |  4 PagesTaylor Hultquist Mr. Sudak English 11 18 March 2013 The motif of eyes in The Great Gatsby Eyes are the gateway to the soul, or so the old saying goes. People’s eyes can convey their feelings - their anger, excitement, or worry. Eyes can also convey subconscious emotions, revealing hidden depths that might not otherwise be apparent. In The Great Gatsby we are introduced to many characters whose eyes effectively reveal their personalities. The author explores the symbolism of eyesRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1427 Words   |  6 PagesTeeming with underlying symbolism and an array of thematic ambivalence, The Great Gatsby prevails today as one of America’s most iconic literary works. Set during the boisterous and seductive period known as â€Å"The Roaring 20’s,† F. Scott Fitzgerald vividly depicts an era whose daring youth strived to acquire the unattainable in pursuit of the popular cultural myth known as the American Dream. However, under closer examination, it becomes evident that the characters in Fitzgeraldâ€⠄¢s novel are chasingRead MoreEssay about A Critical Review of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1555 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical Review of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a universal and timeless literary masterpiece. Fitzgerald writes the novel during his time, about his time, and showing the bitter deterioration of his time. A combination of the 1920s high society lifestyle and the desperate attempts to reach its illusionary goals through wealth and power creates the essence behind The Great Gatsby. Nick Carraway, the narrator, moves to a quaint neighborhoodRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1599 Words   |  7 PagesFrancis Scott Fitzgerald was an author who wrote several books based around his time of life. Fitzgerald lived during the Roaring 20’s and recorded many important events and themes that occurred around him. One of Fitzgerald’s most popular novels is named The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby is written to reproduce the environment that Fitzgerald was living in. This semiautobiographical work uses fictitious characters to portray how people around Fitzgerald acted and what the overall theme ofRead MoreComparison of Great Gatsby and Sonnets from the Portuguese Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesHow does the treatment of similar content in The Great Gatsby and the prescribed poems by Elizabeth Barrett Browning reflect changing values and perspectives? Throughout different time periods in history, perspectives change. With changing perspectives, artists and authors convey their feelings for particular social issues in varying ways through their texts. As the prescribed text, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald and the prescribed sonnets from â€Å"Sonnets from the Portuguese† by ElizabethRead MoreAmerican Dream In The Great Gatsby1366 Words   |  6 PagesDream and without that, life would be without pleasure and thus without meaning. The novel The Great Gatsby, by Scott Fitzgerald, provides a sight of the individuals living in the 1920s, where the characters chase the American dream under the influence of an affluent society. Fitzgerald displays the crumbling concept of the American Dream and demonstrates through the characters of Myrtle, Daisy, and Gatsby how the pursuit of the American Dream corrupts and destroys. The desire for a luxurious lifeRead MoreIs It Really A Dream?933 Words   |  4 Pagesthis dream. But over time, the idea of this dream has been criticized. In The Great Gatsby and in Of Mice and Men, F. Scott Fitzgerald and John Steinbeck present the idea of searching for the American Dream as ineffectual, only supplying moral corruption and disappointment. In the article The Demise of the 1920s American Dream in The Great Gatsby, the para-graphs discuss diverse cultural elements shown in The Great Gatsby: During the 1920s, the perception of the American Dream was that an individualRead More The Great Gatsby and the Valley of Ashes Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby and the Valley of Ashes    Many times we hear of societys affect on people; society influencing the way people think and act.   Hardly mentioned is the reverse: peoples actions and lifestyles affecting society as a whole and how it is characterized.   Thus, society is a reflection of its inhabitants and in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, it is a wasteland described as the valley of ashes.   Since the characters of this novel make up this wasteland, arent they theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Great Gatsby And I Too, Sing America979 Words   |  4 Pagesheard, especially if it an unpopular opinion, so they turn to writing. This popular writing style allows people to express their opinions through underlying themes in their stories thus allowing writers to be spokespeople of their times. From The Great Gatsby to The Crucible to â€Å"I, Too, Sing America,† each author has expressed the values, critiques of society and traits of their times through their stories and poems. During the early 1920’s, America experienced a post-war economic growth, which increased

Should You Write Your Own Recommendation Letter

I asked my professor to write me a letter of recommendation for graduate school. She asked that I draft the letter myself and send it to her. Is this unusual? What should I do? In the business world, its not uncommon for employers to ask employees to draft a letter for any purpose on their behalf. The employer then reviews the letter and adds, deletes, and edits the information before sending it to whomever it needs to be sent. Can the process look the same in academia? Is it okay for a professor to ask you to write your own recommendation letter and is it okay for you to write it? Many undergraduates applying for graduate school are faced with this dilemma: They need a recommendation letter from a professor and the professor has asked them to write it themselves. If this happens to you, keep the following things in mind. It Matters More Who Sends It Than Who Wrote It Some argue that it is unethical for applicants to write their own letters because admissions committees want the professors insight and opinion, not the candidates. Others say that a letter that is obviously written by the applicant could detract from the entire application. However, consider the purpose of a recommendation letter. Through it, a professor gives their word that youre a good candidate for graduate school and they will not vouch for you if you are not grad school material no matter who penned the letter. Trust the integrity of the professor requesting this favor of you and remember that they are only asking you to write the words, not recommend yourself on their behalf, then get to work writing a great letter. Writing Your Own Letter Is Really Not That Different Standard practice when it comes to letters of recommendation is for applicants to provide professors with a packet of information as background for writing the letter. This typically includes information about the programs to which they are applying, their goals, admissions essays, and descriptions of significant research or other experiences that boost credibility. Professors often follow up with a student by asking a few questions whose answers will help them to craft an effective message. Most professors will even ask what things they want to be included and how they want the letter to contribute to the whole application. Conceptually, providing your professor with a profile of information and answers in the form of a letter rather than a loose collection of information is no different than the typical process—and its less work for both of you. Help Your Busy Professor Out Professors are busy. They have many students and are probably asked to write several recommendation letters each semester. This is one reason why a professor might ask a student to draft their own letter. Another reason is that writing your own letters guarantees for your prof that information you would like to include about yourself is included. Even a professor who thinks very highly of you and with whom you are close might not know exactly what to write when the time comes but wants to act in your best interest. They might also feel overwhelmed when asked to write a perfect recommendation letter because there is pressure for them to make you shine and secure a spot for you at your dream school. Remove some of the stress and help them to understand what you want to be highlighted by giving them an outline. You Dont Have the Final Say The letter you draft is probably not exactly the letter that will be submitted. Virtually no professor will submit a students letter without reading and editing it as they see fit, especially if they are given an appropriate window of time to do so. Moreover, most students lack experience writing a recommendation letter and some tweaks will need to be made just to improve the quality. A students letter serves mostly as a starting point and a professor still needs to agree with its content. A professor is taking ownership of any letter they sign regardless of edits or additions made or not made. A recommendation letter is a professors statement of support and they will not put their name behind you without agreeing with every word.

The Misunderstandings of Socialism - 1238 Words

Quotes like Winston Churchill’s have become part of the political rhetoric when leaders discuss the idea of socialism. In current events you can see the exact same argumentation being used against legislation such as the Affordable Health Care Act. Conservative talking heads such as Bill O’Reilly equate it to socialism because, as Mr. O’Reilly says himself, â€Å"[i]n order to provide for the have nots, the far left wants the federal government to seize the assets of solvent Americans. That’s what ObamaCare [the Affordable Health Care Act] is all about — taking from those who can afford health care to provide for those who cannot† (O’Reilly). This simplification of socialism does not do justice to the actual paradigm itself. Instead, in this paper I will try to refute our current idea of socialism because of a lack of understanding. The explanations and descriptions by Michael W. Doyle in his chapters on Marxist and Leninist socialism paints a picture that allows one to see how socialism could be beneficial to the common man while also critiquing the negative myths held by modern society. Initially we shall examine the concept of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels view of Socialism as described by Michael W. Doyle. At the very beginning of the chapter he states that â€Å"[Marx and Engels] are perhaps best known for the materialist conception of history in which the conditions of production shape all other areas of society — institutions, laws, ideas and morality† (Doyle 322). Both ofShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx on the German Ideology843 Words   |  3 Pagestenets of the philosopher’s approach. Notably, Karl Marx produced The German Ideology in 1846 as a critique of George Friedrich Hegel and his followers in Germany. The philosophers sought to differentiate their concept of socialism from existing ones and exhibit how socialism emerges ordinarily from the social conflicts embedded in capitalism . Background to the Introduction of The German Ideology: The introduction of The German Ideology can be attributed to the intellectual influences Karl MarxRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s The Great Depression 1711 Words   |  7 PagesWar. â€Å"According to all commentary on this story, the theme of his satire is that attempts to achieve equality are absurd. However, the true object of his satire is the popular misunderstanding of what leveling and equality entail; so, more specifically, this text satirizes America s Cold War misunderstanding of socialism.† (Hattenhauer 387) In this story, Vonnegut depicts America’s ideas for equality in the first line: â€Å"Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybodyRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1525 Words   |  7 Pagesconditions only to make a few pennies an hour and fall victims to the evil schemes of business owners and city officials. Eventually the story turns to what I believe is the most central idea of the novel. Sinclair wanted hi s readers to believe that socialism was the solution for the injustices of capitalism, which was to blame for the struggle of Jurgis Rudkus and so many other working-class families of the era. The remainder of this essay will clarify the ways in which Sinclair depicted this centralRead MoreThe Headstrong Historian By Kurt Vonnegut1043 Words   |  5 Pagestheme of oppression. Vonnegut wrote â€Å"Harrison Burgeron† in 1961 while Adichie wrote â€Å"The Headstrong Historian† in 2008. Vonnegut’s short story was written in the midst of the Cold War, suggesting a potential connection to the ideas of communism and socialism. Adichie is a writer famous for her work in which she closely examines African culture. On a surface level, these stories could not seem more different. â€Å"Harrison Burgeron† and â€Å"the Headstrong Historian† obviously have completely different settingsRead MoreCommunism As A Utopian Society1567 Words   |  7 Pagesreturning to mankind’s original state but with the development that of a capitalist industrialization. The transitions from one social stage to another can only happen when the given society reached the limit of its development, thus the move to socialism/communism could and would only happen after capitalism has ran its course. An overwhelming number of people’s understanding of what communism is comes from a presentation of the USSR under Stalin’s rule. Let it be known however, that the originalRead MoreSocialism1412 Words   |  6 Pageswelcome people to discuss how that should be managed in the future in order to circumvent the possibility of mistakes being made hopefully, but to insinuate from the start that it can be avoided entirely is either naive at best, delusional at worst. Socialism isnt stateless and isnt the final product nor the end goal, so you need to accept the fact that it will be far from perfect and it will be a struggle and there will be problematic elements to be resolved. Thats just the way it is dude. FurthermoreRead MoreGlobalization1301 Words   |  6 Pagesallows businesses to expand and sell products oversees creating greater product demand which results in higher profits. One key aspect of globalization is the understanding of the different cultures involved in trade negotiations. A cultural misunderstanding can break a business negotiation or create barriers among nations. Additionally, companies need to have a clear understanding of the governing aspects in the countries where they do business to implement the proper regulations. Article Summary:Read MoreEconomic Reform In China1148 Words   |  5 Pagesbecame the second place of the world in 2010. Besides, not only had the economic reform, the Plenary Session also adjust the ideological line of the CCP, and carried out new policies that conform to Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought, within the socialism political system. This essay will use the adjustments in the power, and the new relationship between political organization and the economic development due to the changes in policies in order to prove China’s economic reform been accompanied byRead MoreThe Failure Of Communism And Communism965 Words   |  4 PagesJoel Boyd S.A. Middleton HIST-130.10 22 April 2015 1. Discuss the seeming failure of communism and other forms of socialism and the apparent triumph of capitalism in the 1990s, as well as considering capitalism’s possible benefits and debits in the early twenty-first century. Capitalism and Communism have both been put forth as the best models for modern enlightened societies. Each philosophy contains both desirable and undesirable elements within its framework. Communism is based on a firm beliefRead MoreThe Other Side Of Castro850 Words   |  4 PagesLina (â€Å"Fidel Alejandro†). Many critics of Castro s life comment on his early life and upbringing. Castro s father was wealthy due to his sugar cane business; his father s wealth and the privileges it allowed for their family has led to some misunderstandings about Castro and how he became to be the leader and revolutionist he is today. According to author Steven Walker, a member of the Communist Party of Britain, Fidel Castro s early years were not as privileged as some people might believe. In

Wirk Free Essays

In the previous seminar that I wasn’t able to attend on time, I learned some helpful Information that will be beneficial throughout my semester in this class. All the basics were broken down so clearly by my professor. Such as, what to do when you have a question private and not as private. We will write a custom essay sample on Wirk or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the question is private you can just simply e-mail the professor and he will get back to you within a twenty-four time period. Also, for the questions that aren’t as private you can Just simply post It In the discussion board, therefore your fellow classmates can help you with your problems. As stated by my professor we are all In this together. Furthermore, I was taught how to maneuver my way around the online page. For Instance, how to submit work In the drop. You Just have to go to the drop tab and go to submit assignment and then browse. After browsing for your assignment you will attach and send. This way your work will be there In time for grading. In Dalton, It Is stated to never delete your saved assignment due to a disruption while It Is being graded. If you don’t save it and it is told to you it’s not submitted then you will have to do the assignment all ever. Moreover, I learned the many different ways getting to know my classmates. The discussion board is a very good source of that because, you can have discussions of different facts and opinions. Also, sometimes even provide more details from what you have studied or researched on. Another way to connect with your peers is to just e-mail them to get information correctly, get to know them better and even meet. Even though I never e-mailed anyone I am still comfortable in knowing their views on certain things. All in all I believe the seminar is a good way to know what you are up against for that following week. An hour a week on a specific day is not bad at all. Also, you can be active while being a part of it. Asking several questions and who knows your classmates can sometimes answer the question as well as the professor can. It is actually a good way to do this class instead of being in class bored and with little or no input at all. Wire By Momentarily 7 information that will be beneficial throughout my semester in this class. All the have a question private and not as private. If the question is private you can Just period. Also, for the questions that aren’t as private you can Just simply post it in the As stated by my professor we are all in this together. Furthermore, I was taught how to maneuver my way around the online page. For instance, how to submit work in the your work will be there in time for grading. In addition, it is stated to never delete your saved assignment due to a disruption while it is being graded. How to cite Wirk, Papers